Paper Production And Recycling Ielts Listening ✦

The recycling sequence involves six key stages. First, , where paper is graded by type and quality – for instance, office paper is separated from corrugated cardboard. Next is pulping , where the paper is mixed with warm water and agitated in a huge vat called a pulper, breaking it down into individual fibres.

Let’s begin with . The raw material is, of course, wood. Softwood species like pine and spruce are preferred because of their long cellulose fibres, which produce strong paper. The process starts with debarking and chipping the logs. These chips are then subjected to either a mechanical or chemical pulping process. paper production and recycling ielts listening

In , the wood is ground against a rotating stone. This method yields a high volume of pulp – up to 95% of the wood becomes paper – but the resulting product is relatively low quality, yellowing quickly due to residual lignin. This type is typically used for newsprint and telephone directories. The recycling sequence involves six key stages

The fifth stage is , where the recovered fibres are beaten to swell and roughen them, improving their ability to bond. Finally, stage six: paper making , where the cleaned pulp is diluted, spread onto a wire mesh screen to drain water, pressed between rollers, and then heated to dry. Let’s begin with